🏷️ metacognition

> **Synthesis:** Li (2026) presents a conceptual Perspective arguing that AI-assisted vocal pedagogy should be evaluated not by how precisely AI measures vocal output (pitch, stability, timing) but by…

2026-08-13 · generative-ai, feedback-loop, self-regulated-learning, music-education, human-ai-collaboration

> **Synthesis:** HAIML is a human-centered framework for learning in AI-supported environments that preserves human agency, metacognitive awareness, ethical reasoning, and personal responsibility. Gro…

2026-08-12 · self-regulated-learning, human-in-the-loop, ai-literacy, cognitive-offloading, over-reliance

> **Synthesis:** This theoretical paper names a state it calls *metacognitively discordant completion* (MDC): a learner submits correct, complete work while holding a first-person awareness that under…

2026-08-12 · self-regulated-learning, cognitive-offloading, over-reliance, academic-integrity, student-experience

> **AI misuse and learning harm** — the causal relationship between students offloading cognitive work to generative AI and reduced durable learning, even when immediate task performance rises. The de…

2026-08-12 · over-reliance, cognitive-offloading, academic-integrity, assessment, self-regulated-learning

> **Dual-process theory** — the account of cognition as operating through two interacting systems: a fast, automatic, intuitive System 1 and a slower, effortful, analytical System 2. In education, dua…

2026-08-12 · cognitive-load-theory, cognitive-offloading, decision-making, educational-measurement

> **Reducing AI misuse** — the design, pedagogical, and policy levers that prevent students from substituting generative AI for their own cognitive work and instead steer them toward ethical, producti…

2026-08-12 · ai-literacy, academic-integrity, assessment, scaffolding, self-regulated-learning

> **Student misconceptions about AI** — the inaccurate beliefs students hold about what AI systems are, what they do, and what using them means for learning, especially in academic contexts. Misconcep…

2026-08-12 · ai-literacy, trust-calibration, over-reliance, cognitive-offloading, academic-integrity

> **Trust calibration** — the metacognitive capacity to align one's confidence in an AI system with its actual reliability in a given context, knowing when to trust and when to question its output. Tr…

2026-08-12 · ai-literacy, over-reliance, trust-calibration, human-ai-collaboration, hallucination-risk

> **Synthesis:** This paper proposes the Absent Cognitive Baseline (ACB) as a conceptual framework describing how pervasive generative AI use during secondary schooling may reduce the independent cogn…

2026-08-10 · generative-ai, cognitive-offloading, self-regulated-learning, student-experience, higher-ed

> **Synthesis:** Shapiro, Souto-Otero, and Watermeyer (2026) argue that conventional AI literacy frameworks anchored in functional skills acquisition fail to address the epistemological challenges of …

2026-08-10 · ai-literacy, critical-thinking, higher-ed, ethics, ai-education

> **Synthesis:** Drawing on CSCL research traditions, this paper conceptualizes the risk of reduced epistemic effort when learners use generative AI to produce knowledge artifacts. It identifies two s…

2026-08-10 · generative-ai, collaborative-learning, cognitive-offloading, critical-thinking, ai-education

> **Scaffolding** — structured support that helps learners accomplish tasks they cannot yet complete independently, with support fading as competence grows. In AI in education, scaffolding is the prim…

2026-08-09 · zone-of-proximal-development, over-reliance, cognitive-load-theory, feedback-loop, ai-literacy

> **AI in Writing Education** — the use of AI tools for writing instruction, assessment, and feedback. Writing education is one of the most AI-affected domains, as LLMs excel at text generation, revis…

2026-08-09 · automated-essay-scoring, ai-feedback-quality, academic-integrity, cognitive-offloading, ai-literacy

> **Synthesis:** Graf et al. (2026) transformed a conventional Learning Analytics Dashboard (LAD) into an interactive ILAD by adding an LLM-powered pedagogical agent and a Judgement of Learning (JoL) …

2026-08-08 · learning-analytics, llm, higher-ed, engagement-metrics, self-regulated-learning

> **Synthesis:** Lodge & Loble (2026) provide a comprehensive report on the cognitive science behind AI use in education, arguing that the core risk of generative AI is not plagiarism but cognitive of…

2026-08-07 · cognitive-offloading, ai-literacy, equity, teacher-role, k-12

> **Synthesis:** This paper introduces the Synthesis-Analysis Reciprocity Model and the Vibe Compiler tool to preserve human epistemic agency during GenAI-assisted intellectual work. The model frames …

2026-08-07 · generative-ai, critical-thinking, cognitive-offloading, human-in-the-loop, self-regulated-learning

> **Help-Seeking** — a key concept in AI in education research. Explored across 4 articles in this wiki.…

2026-08-06 · help-seeking, intelligent-tutoring, student-experience, higher-ed, llm

> Education AI is shifting from passive chatbots to **proactive agents** that initiate and pursue goals. This offers personalisation but risks undermining **learner agency and cognitive effort**. The …

2026-08-03 · agentic-ai, educational-theory, scaffolding, formative-assessment, human-in-the-loop

> Gero, Long, Schnitzler & Dhillon (2026, DIS '26) ran a between-subjects essay study (n = 253) showing that **where** AI support enters the writing process determines how much students feel they own …

2026-08-03 · writing-education, student-experience, ai-generated-content, generative-ai, llm

> Detection-led responses face well-documented limits: validity and fairness failures (bias against non-native writers), notable error rates, erosion of trust, and distraction from assessment design. …

2026-08-03 · authentic-assessment, ai-detection, academic-integrity, assessment, generative-ai

A qualitative study of **16 undergraduates** at a Hong Kong teacher-education university who used **ChatGPT 3.5** to obtain feedback on IELTS writing tasks. Data came from unobtrusive screen-recorded …

2026-08-03 · generative-ai, feedback-loop, student-experience, higher-ed, ai-literacy

A correlational study (N = 67 undergraduate psychology students, Bielefeld University) testing two **protective factors against uncritical GenAI overreliance**: (1) **knowledge about genAI** and (2) t…

2026-08-03 · ai-literacy, higher-ed, student-experience, over-reliance, educational-theory

> **Lan Anh Do, Hanling Jiang, Shuchin Aeron, Ayanna K. Thomas** — CogSci 2026 (accepted full paper).…

2026-08-03 · llm, collaborative-learning, learning-analytics, student-ai-interaction, nlp-education

> **Deliang Wang, Cunling Bian** — AIED 2026 (accepted full paper).…

2026-08-03 · generative-ai, scaffolding, equity, multilingual-learning, prompt-engineering

> Pitts, Rani & Mildort (2026, AIED) show with 432 undergraduates that **higher trust in an AI assistant is associated with lower appropriate reliance**: students who trusted the assistant more were w…

2026-08-03 · ai-literacy, over-reliance, cs-education, student-ai-interaction, rag

> **Principled AI Education Framework** — A principled way to think about AI in education: guidance for educators and policy makers on action based on goals, models of human learning, and use of techn…

2026-07-29 · ai-literacy, curriculum-design, instructional-design, generative-ai, zone-of-proximal-development

A **randomized 2×2 full-factorial field experiment** (N = 179 German university students, 22 days of app use, 12-week follow-up) testing two design principles for a **mobile chatbot-based learning jou…

2026-07-29 · self-regulated-learning, generative-ai, higher-ed, student-experience, engagement-metrics

> **The Multimodal Interference Effect** describes a systemic accuracy drop when LLMs encounter image-rich STEM problems: from ~96% on text-only physics problems to ~74% on multimodal ones. A simple t…

2026-07-29 · intelligent-tutoring, multimodal, socratic-method, stem-education, llm

Chen, Sakhnini and Istead run a three-wave longitudinal study in a senior software-requirements course where students could use instructor-provided or self-created cheat sheets in exams. Choices were …

2026-07-28 · assessment, self-regulated-learning, higher-ed

A quasi-experimental, short-term longitudinal study with 126 first-year engineering students comparing two ways of teaching students how to learn with generative AI: an experiential, hands-on session …

2026-07-23 · generative-ai, higher-ed, efficacy-study, student-experience, scaffolding

As LLMs take over task execution, a central worry is that everyday AI use becomes cognitive offloading that erodes people's own capability development. This study analyses 128,569 naturalistic human-L…

2026-07-22 · llm, generative-ai, ai-literacy, over-reliance, student-experience

A 3-page **perspective** (opinion/review, not an empirical study) addressing whether AI use erodes human cognition. The authors' answer: **not inherently — but the risk is real and follows the cogniti…

2026-07-19 · cognitive-offloading, over-reliance, generative-ai, learning-gains, ai-literacy

This study investigates how students conceptualize generative AI (GenAI) and how those mental models shape their academic integration. A student's mental model of GenAI — their beliefs about what it c…

2026-07-14 · student-experience, ai-literacy, generative-ai, higher-ed, human-ai-collaboration

The widespread availability of general-purpose AI that can perform complex cognitive tasks threatens to undermine education at scale. This effortless bypass dilemma sharpens a challenge AIED has long …

2026-07-09 · over-reliance, student-experience, self-regulated-learning, teacher-role, formative-assessment

As generative AI becomes central to software development, CS education is shifting toward prompt-centered workflows where students describe intended behavior in natural language to elicit code. But pr…

2026-07-07 · generative-ai, cs-education, over-reliance, higher-ed, ai-literacy

Abdelghani, Kaiser & Murayama (2026) trace how middle and high school students' interactions with AI math tutors evolve over time, identifying a trajectory from superficial prompting ('tell me the ans…

2026-06-30 · ai-literacy, k-12, stem-education, student-experience, self-regulated-learning

Ganganath et al. (2026) introduce CURIOBOT, a framework that operationalizes Berlyne's four collative variables (novelty, complexity, conflict, uncertainty) as adaptive linguistic interventions in con…

2026-06-23 · llm, intelligent-tutoring, scaffolding, active-learning, self-regulated-learning

> **Shravika Mittal, Su Lin Blodgett, Q. Vera Liao**…

2026-06-11 · generative-ai, llm, over-reliance, student-experience, higher-ed

Introduces a novel core concept, **"Awareness of Technological Isomorphism,"** defined as a student's metacognitive realization that their own mathematical cognitive operations (observing trends, indu…

2026-06-09 · k-12, ai-literacy, stem-education, personalized-learning, scaffolding

Examines how 98 Grade-9 students across three German Gymnasium schools regulated their use of a Mistral-Large GenAI tutor while preparing for a math exam. Despite overwhelmingly selecting scaffolded s…

2026-06-09 · llm, k-12, self-regulated-learning, student-experience, scaffolding

Through Brazilian government case studies, demonstrates that a four-layer pedagogical methodology (Literacy, Protocol, Prompt Engineering, Audit) is the key to productivity gains (up to 50%), rather t…

2026-06-02 · ai-literacy, public-sector, training-methodology, efficacy-study, prompt-engineering

Formalizes Agentic Software Engineering (ASE) as a distinct discipline. Proposes a 21-module curriculum focused on the "evolution of intent" and practitioner discipline required to manage agents rathe…

2026-06-02 · agentic-ai, ai-literacy, curriculum-design, higher-ed, software-engineering

> Experimental study comparing Guided vs. Unrestricted LLM access. Explicit training in reasoning-focused scaffolding (stepwise hints, verification) led to significantly better independent performance…

2026-06-02 · intelligent-tutoring, scaffolding, higher-ed, prompt-engineering, agentic-workflows

> Identifies interaction signatures of LLM literacy using Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) on logs from 162 students. High-literacy students exhibit iterative, strategic refinement and dense cognitive…

2026-06-02 · ai-literacy, higher-ed, learning-analytics, prompt-engineering, writing-education

📄 DOI: 10.32473/flairs.39.1.141554 Codify (also called AI Tutor) is an [[intelligent-tutoring]] system that leverages [[llm|LLMs]], competency tracking, and adaptive assessment to provide Socratic, d…

2026-05-26 · intelligent-tutoring, llm, stem-education, higher-ed, adaptive-learning

This preregistered between-subjects study (N=559) provides the first rigorous evidence that [[llm]] reasoning traces — increasingly common in AI interfaces — do not improve performance and can activel…

2026-05-26 · llm, student-experience, efficacy-study, over-reliance, self-regulated-learning

This paper addresses a fundamental gap in [[metacognition]] research: the lack of systematic integration of metacognitive theories into scenario taxonomies capable of guiding AI-enhanced professional …

2026-05-26 · professional-training, adaptive-learning, lifelong-learning, scaffolding, self-regulated-learning

This preregistered large-scale study (N = 1,237) investigates whether people are well-calibrated in estimating the time savings from AI assistance on simple cognitive tasks. The key finding is a **spe…

2026-05-25 · over-reliance, efficacy-study, student-experience, cognitive-offloading, ai-assistance-reduces-persistence

This paper presents a rigorous empirical comparison between [[llm|LLM]]-based and semantic similarity methods for [[automated-grading|automated assessment]] of student self-explanations in programming…

2026-05-23 · llm, automated-grading, feedback-loop, stem-education, higher-ed

Oral code reviews paired with a flipped classroom represent a pragmatic harm-reduction approach to generative AI in CS education. Rather than banning LLMs, Fowles et al. (2026) designed weekly formati…

2026-05-21 · generative-ai, higher-ed, cs-education, over-reliance, academic-integrity

📄 DOI: 10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100074 This paper introduces **XAI-ED**, a framework for explainable AI that is purpose-built for education. It argues that while XAI in education shares common ground wit…

2026-05-21 · intelligent-tutoring, learning-analytics, bias-mitigation, equity, privacy

This paper tackles a core ITS challenge: predicting when students will disengage so tutors can intervene before it's too late. It introduces **engagement forecasting** as a supervised prediction task …

2026-05-20 · intelligent-tutoring, learning-analytics, engagement-metrics, k-12, efficacy-study

Socratic questioning, reflection prompts, misconception checks, and mandatory pauses produce better K-12 engagement than directive answer-giving AI tutors. SocratiCode demonstrates a participatory des…

2026-05-19 · intelligent-tutoring, llm, generative-ai, k-12, scaffolding

> Li, Cui & Hagedorn (2026) PRISMA-review **67 empirical studies (2022–2025)** on ChatGPT and university students' [[critical-thinking|critical]] and creative thinking: effects are contingent on **ped…

2026-05-16 · ai-literacy, boundary-object, generative-ai, cognitive-offloading, creative-thinking

This paper presents a systematic two-stage methodology for surfacing student misconceptions at scale. Drawing on 3,802 medical student enrollments across 5 biomedical science courses (9 course periods…

2026-05-16 · llm, generative-ai, formative-assessment, higher-ed, learning-analytics

> Computational Thinking Development in AI Agent Creation: A Mixed-Methods Study **Sun et al. (2026)** — Multiple institutions. arXiv cs.CY.…

2026-05-15 · k-12, ai-literacy, stem-education, scaffolding, personalized-learning

> LearnMate^2: Design and Evaluation of an LLM-powered Personalized and Adaptive Support System for Online Learning **Wang, Lee, & Mutlu (2026)** — University of Wisconsin-Madison. CHI-related publica…

2026-05-15 · personalized-learning, adaptive-learning, llm, generative-ai, higher-ed

This *Nature Reviews Psychology* piece draws a critical distinction that has been under-theorized in AIED research: The authors argue that generative AI easily boosts performance but often bypasses th…

2026-05-14 · generative-ai, over-reliance, higher-ed, scaffolding, self-regulated-learning

This paper presents a workflow-aligned framework for preparing students to use AI in materials discovery. The authors argue that in materials science, the limiting factor is no longer only algorithmic…

2026-05-12 · ai-literacy, curriculum-design, equity, stem-education, equity-in-ai-education

> **Authors:** Eason Chen, Ce Guan, A Elshafiey, Zhonghao Zhao, Joshua Zekeri, Afeez Edeifo Shaibu, Emmanuel Osadebe Prince **Year:** 2026 **Venue:** arXiv (cs.HC) > Mining discourse from Moltbook, a …

2026-05-11 · agentic-ai, benchmark, collaborative-ai-tutoring, engagement-metrics, learning-analytics

**Sequenced AI feedback harms learning despite boosting engagement and positive perceptions.** In a randomized experiment with 199 participants, the authors compared two types of AI-generated feedback…

2026-05-11 · feedback-loop, formative-assessment, scaffolding, generative-ai, efficacy-study

> Vendrell & Johnston (2026) propose a design-oriented framework for LLM use in higher education that strengthens rather than displaces [[critical-thinking]], countering [[cognitive-offloading]] and m…

2026-05-10 · generative-ai, higher-ed, scaffolding, self-regulated-learning, faculty-development-genai

> A design framework for LLM-powered educational agents that prioritize durable learning over short-term task performance. Introduced by Khosravi et al. (2026), AI learning companions are defined as a…

2026-05-09 · llm, personalized-learning, adaptive-learning, student-experience, self-regulated-learning

> An instructional approach that deliberately leverages AI errors, hallucinations, and limitations as teaching tools to foster higher-order thinking. Rather than viewing AI mistakes as failures to be …

2026-05-09 · higher-ed, ai-literacy, stem-education, active-learning, socratic-ai-dialogue

> A web-based writing environment that inverts the AI-tutoring paradigm: rather than generating improved text for students, Prober.ai constrains an LLM to ask only targeted inquiry-based questions abo…

2026-05-09 · writing-education, scaffolding, ai-literacy, higher-ed, formative-assessment

> AI coding assistants proliferate rapidly, but pedagogical frameworks for learning them remain scarce — a paradox at the heart of agentic coding education. > Using agentic AI workflows (Claude Code) …

2026-05-08 · agentic-ai, generative-ai, higher-ed, scaffolding, stem-education

> A bibliometric–systematic review of AI tools in STEM education: > Systematic review (2005–2025) mapping how AI tools scaffold and co-regulate metacognitive development in STEM classrooms through bib…

2026-05-08 · stem-education, learning-analytics, intelligent-tutoring, posthumanist, ai-literacy

> Embedding the Knowledge–Learning–Instruction (KLI) framework into multi-agent systems to act as sophisticated instructional designers for K-12 educators.…

2026-05-08 · agentic-ai, ai-literacy, human-in-the-loop, k-12, pedagogical-safety

> As reinforcement learning personalizes instruction in intelligent tutoring systems, there is no formal framework for pedagogical safety — a critical gap. > First formal framework for defining and de…

2026-05-08 · intelligent-tutoring, pedagogical-safety, adaptive-learning, reinforcement-learning, adaptive-learning-systems

> Peer feedback develops critical reflection and evaluative judgment, yet: > Student peer feedback is often superficial or inconsistent. **AICoFe** (AI-based Collaborative Feedback) uses a multi-LLM p…

2026-05-07 · edtech-platform, feedback-loop, formative-assessment, teacher-role, higher-ed

> Wiggins (1990) proposed AA as a counterbalance to standardised tests: direct examination of "student performance on worthy intellectual tasks." > Authentic assessment (AA) has evolved from workplace…

2026-05-07 · ai-ed-evaluation, ai-education, assessment, formative-assessment, higher-ed

> ProPACT constructs a real-time model of pair collaboration using three signals: > Most adaptive learning systems are individual-centric and reactive. **ProPACT** treats **collaboration itself as the…

2026-05-07 · intelligent-tutoring, adaptive-learning, scaffolding, higher-ed, formative-assessment

> Three system properties enable the fallacy via two cognitive mediators: > The LLM fallacy is a **cognitive attribution error** in which users misinterpret LLM-assisted outputs as evidence of their o…

2026-05-07 · over-reliance, llm, k-12, higher-ed, academic-integrity

> Current AI tutoring systems treat each session as independent. Adaptive systems use real-time knowledge tracing (e.g., [[knowledge-tracing-irt|IRT-based models]]) but rarely retain a longitudinal st…

2026-05-07 · llm, personalized-learning, adaptive-learning, intelligent-tutoring, generative-ai

> Ostrowska, Kukla & Majstrak (2026) present an AI tutoring system **integrated into the Moodle LMS** designed to scaffold students from surface-level fact recall to deep conceptual understanding thro…

2026-05-07 · intelligent-tutoring, higher-ed, edtech-platform, llm, scaffolding

> The framework rests on three interconnected anchors that must be addressed *before* selecting tools: > Rejecting the binary promise-vs-peril discourse and the rush to immediate implementation, Finke…

2026-05-07 · ai-education, higher-ed, pedagogy, scaffolding, policy-maker

> 1. **Desirable difficulties** — General-purpose AI removes productive struggle; tutoring tools preserve it via graduated hints. 2. **Germane load** — Effective learning requires processing that feel…

2026-05-07 · intelligent-tutoring, llm, generative-ai, personalized-learning, scaffolding

> Metacognition — thinking about one's own thinking — is both a target of AI education research (can AI tools develop students' metacognitive skills?) and a risk factor (AI completing tasks may suppre…

2026-05-07 · self-regulated-learning, formative-assessment, k-12, higher-ed, scaffolding

> Self-regulated learning (SRL) describes learners as active participants who can shape and develop their cognitive and behavioral actions in a successful way. AI tools can either scaffold SRL develop…

2026-05-07 · self-regulated-learning, scaffolding, k-12, higher-ed, formative-assessment

> **Transfer of Learning** — the extent to which knowledge or skills acquired in one context (e.g., practice with an AI tool) persist and apply in a different context (e.g., independent performance wi…

2026-05-07 · transfer-of-learning, cognitive-load-theory, desirable-difficulties, k-12, ai-tutoring